Despite living much of their lives behind a veil, some Afghan women are feeling pressure to conform to ideals of female beauty and are lining up for cosmetic surgery at a handful of clinics in Kabul.
A few years ago, most operations would have been to repair war wounds or scars from family violence, acid attacks or attempts at self-immolation by women driven to despair by hard times in a male-dominated society.
Now, nose jobs are most popular, but facelifts, breast enhancement and tummy tucks are also sought after.
"Ten years ago it was all about repairing scars," said Dr Aminullah Hamkar, 53, who runs a Kabul clinic.
"When I sometimes ask the young people who come here why they want cosmetic operations, they simply say they want to look better and beautiful," he told AFP.
This was a good sign, he said, showing that people, at least in the capital, were moving beyond the violence of a hardline Islamist Taliban insurgency and contemplating ideas usually reserved for times of peace.
"I was always jealous to see my sisters and others had longer and bigger noses while my nose was small and flat," said Shaida, an 18-year-old girl who had a nose enlargement at Hamkar's clinic.
Shaida is from the minority Hazara ethnic group, many of whom have slightly Mongolian looks, with almond eyes and noses that are flatter than those of other Afghans.
Shaida, who works as a policewomen, sought cosmetic surgery after seeing some of her friends and colleagues change the shapes of their noses and eyes."Now that I have a bigger nose, I feel more comfortable and satisfied," she said smiling.
The two surgeons at the clinic perform about two cosmetic procedures each week, apart from their regular plastic surgery for medical or reconstructive purposes.A typical nose enlargement costs about $300, more than a month's salary for many Afghans.
Hamkar tells the story of an 18-year-old woman whose husband complained on his return from working in Dubai that her breasts were sagging and not up to the standards he had seen abroad and he didn't want her any more.
The girl, from a conservative and insurgency-plagued province in eastern Afghanistan, had married, had children early and had breast-fed them.
"Her husband travels to a liberal, more open city like Dubai, probably sees beautiful and in-shape women and upon his return home he dislikes his wife's shape and even approves her visiting a plastic surgeon. Many people's perceptions of life and sex change upon their return from a trip to a less conservative place."
Mohammad Ibrahim, a former army officer whose daughter wanted to make her nose smaller says he agreed with the operation as it would make her feel better.
"Back in the sixties and seventies, the governments then would encourage us to learn about different cultures and even as government employees they helped us travel to different countries."
"Today we enjoy a relative democracy and I don't want my daughter to feel ugly and isolated," he said. "That's why I easily agreed to bring her here, so she can have a better nose and feel happy." He says
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